SOLO EVENTS BOARD MINUTES
SOLO EVENTS BOARD |SPORTS CAR CLUB OF AMERICA, INC.| May 31-June 1, 2008
The Solo Events Board met in Kansas City May 31-June 1. Attending were SEB members Dave Whitworth, Tina Reeves, Steve Wynveen,
Erik Strelnieks, and Donnie Barnes; Lisa Noble of the BOD; and Howard Duncan, Brian Harmer and Doug Gill of the National Staff.
These minutes are presented in topical order rather than the order discussed.
Unless noted otherwise the effective date for all rule, class, and listing change proposals herein is 1/1/2009.
GENERAL
·For 2008, SCCA wants to emphasize the importance of Solo site acquisition. During the National Convention, with support of the
National Staff, the Site Committee announced the “SITE REWARD PROGRAM”. Any Region that obtains a new Solo site will be refunded
up to $200 of the sanction fee for the first event at the new site. Also, any Region may nominate a member who has done outstanding
work with site acquisition and some of the best of these will be awarded free membership at their next renewal date. Contact
Nancy Downing at the National office to submit your application for a reward.
·The previously-published proposal regarding tire heating (6.11) has been withdrawn.
The SEB is seeking nominations from the membership for the Driver of Eminence and Solo Cup awards. These awards will
be presented at this year's Solo National Championships in Topeka.
Vacancies on the SEB are anticipated for 2009. Interested members are invited to submit their qualifications in writing to
the National Office.
A Divisional Solo Events Steward is needed for the Central Division. Duties of this position are outlined in Introductory Section
I.3 of the Solo Rules.
The SEB has appointed a National Appeals Committee (NAC), per Section 10.4 of the Solo Rules. The current members are
Art Trier (Chair), Paul Brown, Neal Bellamy, GH Sharp, and Marcus Merideth (alternate). Members are reminded that the decisions
of the appointed NAC are final, per Section 10.5.
The SEB thanks Jamie Cicalese for his service to the Site Committee.
SAFETY
The SSC has recommended the following rule change proposal, which is being published for member feedback:
Replace the contents of Appendix E subsection V.E. with: “Effective 1/1/09, following an initial one-year licensing as a SSS,
the SCCA Central Licensing Department shall issue a renewal application every three years, pending completion of the appropriate
number of events and continuing education as a Solo Safety Steward. All requests for such renewals shall be made by
submitting a renewal application with the appropriate number of events and the continuing education class date recorded
in the application. During each three-year licensing period, the SSS must participate in one continuing education seminar
and serve as a SSS at five events. The DSS shall be responsible for confirmation of participation in the continuing education
process. The renewal date is the same as membership renewal.”
Regions are reminded that the passenger rule (1.3.2.C) is not to be abused, and is intended to be used for instructional purposes.
TIRE RACK SOLO NATIONALS
The SEB Town Meeting will be held Sunday of Nationals week, after the end of the warmup events, at the Pavilion at
Heartland Park.
Michael Feldpusch will be an assistant course designer for the 2008 Solo Nationals.
Additional Impound inspection item proposals, possibly including displacement checks in Prepared, compression checks in
SP, and valve cover removal and differential inspections in ST, were reviewed by the SEB.
STOCK
Per the SAC, as new car technologies become available it is anticipated that classifications in Stock will follow. A class may
as a by-product of improving technology become faster as time passes. (ref. 08-256)
The previously-published rule change proposal regarding battery hardware is being recommended to the BOD. It is repeated
here for reference purposes: Add to 13.9 as follows: “Additional battery hold-down hardware may be added. It may serve no
other purpose.” (ref.07-397)
The following class listing change proposal has been recommended by the SAC and are being published for member feedback:
Move from GS to HS: Honda Civic del Sol VTEC (ref. 08-132)
SCCA Fastrack News July 2008 Page 16
For 2009 the SAC proposes moving the following models to G Stock as a group:
Audi TT FWD
Dodge SRT-4
Dodge Caliber SRT-4
Dodge Daytona IROC R/T
Honda Prelude (97 )
Mazdaspeed Protege
Mitsubishi Eclipse (06 )
Mitsubishi Eclipse Turbo AWD / Eagle Talon Turbo AWD
Nissan Maxima (04 )
Oldsmobile Calais W41
Saturn Ion Redline
Volvo S60R
Volvo V70R
For 2009 the SAC requests comments on the following independent class change proposals:
Cobalt SS Supercharged to GS
Cobalt SS Turbocharged to GS
Mazdaspeed 3 to GS
Lotus Elise SC to SS
Dodge Viper 08 to SS
Lotus Exige S to SS
Porsche 996 Turbo to SS
Acura Integra Type R to BS
The SAC is going to propose changes for 2010 in an upcoming Fastrack. The final proposal is not completed but most classes
will be affected by a designation change (class letters). A few classes will have significant proposals for the membership
to consider.
STREET TOURING
The following rule change proposals have been submitted by the STAC and are being published for member feedback:
o Replace Section 14.6.A (STS/STS2) with:
“Cross-drilled and/or slotted brake rotors may be fitted (same size/type/material as standard) provided all such voids are
within the disc area, and comprise no more than 10% of that area.” Comment: This modifies the existing STS/STS2
allowance by limiting the amount of “swiss cheesing” for weight loss to amounts typical of off-the-shelf aftermarket
tuner parts.
o Replace Section 14.12.7 (STX/STU) with:
“Non-standard brake rotors may be used provided they are of equal or larger dimensions (diameter and thickness) and
made of ferrous material (e.g. iron). Aluminum rotor hats are allowed. Cars originally equipped with solid (non-vented)
rotors may utilize vented rotors. Cross-drilled and/or slotted brake rotors may be fitted provided all such voids are within
the disc area, and comprise no more than 10% of that area.
Brake calipers and mounting brackets may be replaced provided they bolt to the standard locations and the number of
pistons is equal to or greater than standard.
Drum brakes may be replaced with disc brakes of a diameter equal to or greater than the inside diameter of the standard
drum. Such conversions must be bolted, not welded to the axle/trailing arm/upright.
Changes to backing plates/dust shields/brake lines to accommodate these changes are permitted but may serve no
other purpose.”
Comment: This change is only for the existing STX/STU big brake allowance, and adds a restriction limiting ‘swiss
cheesing’.”
STREET PREPARED
The SPAC has submitted the following rule change proposals for member comment:
o Replace 15.6 with the following:
15.6BRAKES
Vehicles may only exceed the allowances of 13.6 as specified herein.
A. Any brake line, single or dual master cylinder, vacuum brake booster, or brake proportioning valves may be used.
This does not allow multiple separate cylinders, but does allow for any single, dual-circuit cylinder.
B. “Safety brakers” and units such as the “Brake Guard System” are permitted.
SCCA Fastrack News July 2008 Page 17
C. ABS braking systems may be disabled, but not removed; brake boosters may be removed, modified, substituted,
or added.
D. Alternate brake rotors are permitted, subject to the following restrictions:
1. Rotors must be ferrous metal except for standard parts. Aluminum rotor hats are allowed. Rotor dimensions
(diameter and thickness) must be equal to or greater than standard parts. Cars originally equipped with
solid (non-vented) rotors may utilize vented rotors.
2. Cross-drilled and/or slotted brake rotors may be used. Slots/holes are permitted only in the braking area of
the rotor. Rotors featuring a drum-type parking brake in the hat area of the rotor may not be drilled/slotted
in the parking brake area.
E. Drum brakes may be replaced with disc brakes. Disc brake rotors for such a conversion must be equal to or
greater in diameter than the inside diameter of the standard brake drum. Changes to backing plates/mounting
brackets/brake lines to accommodate this change are permitted but may serve no other purpose. Drum-to-disc
brake conversions must be bolted, not welded to the axle/control arm/upright.
F. Air ducts may be fitted to the brakes, provided that no changes are made in the body/structure for their use.
They may serve no other purpose. Backing plates and dirt shields may be modified or removed.
G. A functional, redundant emergency (parking) brake must be present.
H. Brake calipers may be replaced, provided the number of pistons is equal to or greater than the original number
of pistons. Caliper mounting brackets may be replaced to accommodate this change, but may serve no other purpose.
Alternate caliper brackets must bolt to the original caliper bracket mounting location(s).
o Replace the content of 15.2.F with the following:
“The driver and front passenger seats may be replaced, with the following restrictions: Seats must be securely mounted
per 3.3.3.B.2. The seating surface must be fully upholstered.
Any replacement seat must be a full back, bucket type automobile seat incorporating a functional headrest. Kart seats &
low back dune buggy seats and other similar types of seat are expressly prohibited. Cars may have no fewer than the standard
number of seats. The seat tracks are considered part of the seat and may be substituted. Alternate seat tracks may
serve no other purpose. The standard seat belts may be removed to facilitate the installation of alternate restraints complying
with safety requirements.”
Per the SPAC, the previously-published proposal to move ’94-’99 Neons to FSP has been amended to combine them onto a single
line (SOHC and DOHC models) in FSP as follows: “Dodge/Plymouth Neon, 1994-1999, all.” This is being recommended to
the BOD.
The following class listing change proposals have been submitted by the SPAC and are published for member comment:
o Move from DSP to FSP:
Honda Civic (’99-’00)
o Add to DSP (ref. 08-264):
Subaru Legacy/Outback 98-04 6-cyl (all)
Subaru Legacy/Outback 03-present 6-cyl (all)
o Move from DSP to FSP (ref. 08-214):
Nissan Pulsar/NX2000, Sentra & SE-R, 1991-1994, all
PREPARED
The following rule change proposals have been recommended by the PAC and are being submitted for member comment:
o Change subsection 1.b under Prepared Class X in Appendix A to read as follows:
“b. Front hoods, engine covers, trunk lids, hatches, front fenders, rear fenders not part of chassis structure (unibody),
front & rear facias, and side skirts may be modified or replaced, and may be attached with removable fasteners.
Associated hardware including latches, hinges, and window washer nozzles may be modified, removed, or replaced.
Fenders may be flared as per Prepared (17.2.L, 17.2.M), non-metallic fender liners may be modified, replaced, or
removed. Body panels may be attached with removable fasteners (e.g. Dzus).”
o Add the following to 17.2.F after the third sentence:
“This requires a sealed firewall between engine and passenger compartment. This rule is for driver’s safety. Completely
sealing all firewall openings is strongly encouraged, but no gap may be larger than 1/8 inch, except around dynamic
devices extending through the firewall (e.g. throttle linkage, transmission linkage or other mechanical devices), they should
be sealed to the extent that functioning of the device is not impaired.” (ref. 08-163).
o Change 17.2.P.2 to read:
SCCA Fastrack News July 2008 Page 18
“It is a non-production rear spoiler which is mounted to the rear portion of the rear hatch, deck, or trunk lid. The spoiler
may extend no more that 10 inches from the original bodywork in any direction. Alternatively in a hatchback, the spoiler
may be mounted to the rear hatch lid at or near the top of the hatch in such a configuration the spoiler may extend not
more than 7.5 inches form the original bodywork in any direction. The spoiler may be no wider that the bodywork
deleted>. The use of endplates is prohibited. Spoiler endplates are defined as any vertical (or semi-vertical) surfaces
attached in front of the spoiler which have the result of capturing and redistributing air (downforce) along all or any portion
of the spoiler. The angle of attack is free. The spoiler may not function as a wing.”
o Change 17.2.S to read:
“The hood, hatchback, deck lid and fenders may be lightened or replaced by ones of alternate material, provided the
shape is similar to the original and does not confuse the identity of the vehicle. Factory bolt-on fenders can be replaced in
their entirety. Cars with non-removable fenders can replace the front fender panels going forward from the foremost door
opening and the rear fender panels going rearward from the rearmost door opening. Closed cars must not remove stock
material above the horizontal line placed at the lowest point of the driver’s door window opening. The approval of alternate
body panels does not authorize the use of belly pans forward of the firewall, or aft of the front edge of the rear wheel
opening. Ground effect tunnels and/or attempts to gain ground effects are also not authorized. Any such elements incorporated
in the otherwise approved components must be removes or disabled.” (ref 08-259)
The following rule change proposal is recommended by the PAC and is being published for member feedback:
o In Appendix A, Prepared Class C, change the third through sixth paragraphs to read:
“U.S. produced 4-cyl, 6-cyl and 8-cyl engines are allowed alternate-stroke crankshafts; crank angles must remain stock.
U.S. produced 4-cyl, 6-cyl and 8-cyl engines manufactured by a particular corporation may be interchanged with ones of
similar configuration from the same corporation (e.g., a Chevrolet engine would be allowed in a Pontiac or a Ford 351W
would be allowed in a Fox chassis Mustang). Corporate engine substitutions include induction systems and thus no weight
penalty is incurred for using the OE induction from the substituted engine.
Similar configuration is defined as having the same number and arrangement (i.e. Dual Overhead). Displacement changes
are allowed. Alternate engines for a particular model must locate the bell housing to the block mounting surface in the
same plane as the standard part.
Alternate iron or aluminum cylinder heads may be use on U.S. produced 4-cyl, 6-cyl and 8-cyl engines. Any alternate cylinder
head(s) used shall be of a conventional design (siamesed intake ports, two valves per cylinder, all valves inline) direct
replacement type.” (ref. 08-280)
The PAC has recommended, based on member input, withdrawal of the previously-published proposal to weigh with driver (ref.
07-147).
The PAC has recommended that the previously-published proposals regarding transmissions (17.10.Q), clutch and gas pedals
(17.10.D and 17.K.4), and drivers’ seats (17.2.I) be referred to the BOD for approval. (ref. 07-400)
STREET MODIFIED
The SMAC has recommended, and the SEB has approved, the withdrawal of the previously-published change proposal regarding
a new Section 16.1.I, non-metallic inner fenders. (ref. 07-423)
The SEB has asked the SMAC to investigate possibilities for a new SM class focusing on FWD cars.
The following previously-published rule change proposal has been reviewed along with relevant member feedback, and is being
recommended to the BOD:
o Replace the content of 16.1.I with
”Front hoods, engine covers, trunk lids and hatches not containing glass, front fenders, rear fenders not part of chassis
structure (unibody), front & rear fascias, and side skirts may be modified or replaced, and may be attached with removable
fasteners. Associated hardware including latches, hinges, and window washer nozzles may be modified, removed, or
replaced. This does not permit removal of the remainder of the window washer system. Fenders may be flared as per
Street Prepared. Non-metallic fender liners may be modified, replaced, or removed.” Comment: This proposal is intended
to allow less expensive and more readily available ways for cars to achieve their calculated minimum weight. (ref. 08-093,
08-151, 08-162, 08-169, 08-171, 08-187, 08-204, 08-263)
The previously-published SM and SM2 weight revision proposals have been amended per member feedback, and are being
republished for review:
Under SM:
”AWD: 1800 lbs 275 lbs/liter” changes to “AWD: 1800 lbs 300 lbs/liter”
Under SM2:
“AWD: 1600 lbs 275 lbs/liter” changes to “AWD: 1600 lbs 300 lbs/liter”
SCCA Fastrack News July 2008 Page 19
MODIFIED
The MAC has provided a proposal, being published here for member feedback, to replace 18.1.E as follows:
“E. Aerodynamic Aids
1. These classes are restricted downforce classes. No aerodynamic tunnels, wings, or sealing skirts may be added. No
bargeboards, ramps, vanes, wickerbills, or other aerodynamic devices are allowed except as specified.
2. The hood, tub, roof, rear fenders, and rear deck are not permitted to be reshaped to achieve downforce. The front of
the car may be reshaped to accommodate the construction of spoilers, air dams, and splitters, and may be widened
to rear body width as specified in E.4.c below. Ramps joining the front fender flares to the splitter/spoiler/airdam
assembly which are included as part of a SCCA-approved GT-1 front bodywork package are allowed.
3. Front Aero
a) The standard O.E. or a non-standard front spoiler or air dam may be used. A non-standard front spoiler is not permitted
to protrude forward beyond the overall outline of the car as viewed from above, or aft of the forward-most
part of the front fender opening, and shall not be mounted more than four inches above the horizontal centerline
of the front wheel hubs.
b) The spoiler may cover the normal grille opening at the front of the car. Cooling duct openings are permitted. If the
front radiator is removed or relocated, no aerodynamic use of the unobstructed front radiator pathway may be
made. The front spoiler may be attached to the original bodywork, or it may replace the bodywork it would otherwise
cover.
c) The front spoiler may be no wider than the rear bodywork, measured as in E.4.c. below. The front spoiler may not
function as a wing, and therefore must be installed such that air does not pass both over and underneath it. This
may be accomplished by ensuring that the upper edge of the spoiler is in complete continuity with the bodywork
above the spoiler. New bodywork may be added to close the gaps between the fenders, nose, and spoiler/splitter/
airdam assembly on cars with open or irregular front bodywork such as the Model T Ford, MG-TD, Morgan,
and Lotus Seven. When these or similar vehicles use a full-width front spoiler, the car’s spoiler/airdam is
required to be vertical (between 80-100 degrees) for the lower 8” of its extent. The change in top view outline
caused by these bodywork changes is allowed.
d) Front splitters are allowed but must be installed parallel to the ground (within /- 3/16 inches fore to aft). For
safety considerations, splitter edges shall be rounded for safety and be a minimum of 1/4” thick. Splitters may
not be wider than, nor extend more than 6 inches forward of the top-view outline of the car.
4. Rear spoilers
a) If a rear spoiler is used, it shall be mounted to the rear hatch, deck, or trunk lid, and mount no further forward
than the base of the rear window. The spoiler extension for the whole spoiler is set by one measurement at the
lateral midpoint of the car. At that point; the spoiler may not extend more than 10 inches from the attachment
point out to the outer or free edge. This sets the maximum height above ground at all other locations on the
spoiler. The result may be a flat topped rather than contoured spoiler. Alternatively, the spoiler may be mounted
at the rear of the roof, or to the rear hatch lid at or near the top of the hatch; in such a configuration the spoiler
may extend no more than 4 inches from the original bodywork, measured as described above.
b) The spoiler may be no wider than the rear bodywork, measured as the maximum distance between the outside
edges of the wheel well openings or fender flares at axle height.
c) Aerodynamic aids permitted in subsection E shall not function as wings. Therefore, the spoiler may not overhang
the bodywork such that air passes both over and underneath it. If the rear spoiler overhangs the side of the car,
the lower edge of the spoiler shall be supported by bodywork that will prevent air from passing underneath the
spoiler. This may be accomplished by extending the spoiler to join the bodywork or wheel opening/fender flare
beneath the overhang.
5. Diffusers are allowed at the rear of the car only and shall have no more than 25 inches front to back of expanding
chamber. Vanes or strakes are allowed inside the diffuser. A diffuser is defined as an expanding chamber between
the vehicle and the ground for the purpose of accelerating air ahead of it to develop low pressure. The diffuser may
protrude rearward beyond the top view outline of the car. Closed undersides or belly pans (lower surface) are permitted.
The entire length of the underbody may be closed off to permit proper airflow to a rear diffuser or to smooth the
underside of the car. The belly pan shall be flat within 1 inch total deviation. No tunnels or other underbody aerodynamic
features are permitted. Chassis rake is free. Additionally, no side skirt or body side, etc., may extend more then
1cm below this lower surface anywhere on the car to the rear of the front axle unless specifically permitted by these
rules. Diffuser sideplates and strakes may extend below the diffuser surface as long they do not attain a definite seal
with the ground on level ground.
6. If the factory production car was supplied with tunnels or wings, they may remain, but they must be blocked in a safe
manner to prevent them from functioning to provide downforce. For example, foam or sheet metal may be firmly
attached in tunnels or on wings to ruin their shape or to stop airflow.
SCCA Fastrack News July 2008 Page 20
7. The use of front and rear spoiler endplates is allowed. Allowed area for each endplate is 100 sq in for rear trunk spoiler,
16 sq in for roof spoiler, and 36 sq in for front spoiler/splitter assembly. The spoiler angle of attack is free.”
F125 / FORMULA JUNIOR
The KAC has provided the following additions to their previously-published proposals to add the Rotax Minimax and Micromax
to FJA and FJB (respectively): The Minimax weight would be 275 lbs. The Micromax weight would be 245 lbs.
The KAC is working on rule changes which would reduce or eliminate references within the rules to other sanctioning bodies.
The KAC is looking at possible weight reductions for clutch karts.
NOT RECOMMENDED
Stock, classing of Nissan 240SX (ref. 08-255)
ST, seat belt receiver update/backdate (ref. 08-233)
SP, rear seat removal (ref. 08-275)
SP, C-clip eliminators (ref. 08-270)
Prepared, bellypans (ref. 08-235)
Prepared, SAAB 96 2-stroke in GP (ref. 08-232)
REFERRED TO COMMITTEE FOR FOLLOWUP
SAC – Older cars in Stock classes
STAC and SMAC – Class renaming for better consistency
TECH BULLETINS
1. Stock: The Stock category list of ineligible models, known as the exclusion list, will be relocated from the fourth paragraph
of Appendix A – Automobile Classes into a separate list under the Stock Category heading. NOTE: This will not change its
effect, but will make the list easier to find.
2. Stock: Add to 13.1 after the first sentence: “The addition of small holes for attachment hardware for authorized modifications
is implicit (e.g. holes for fasteners to mount additional gauges, holes for brackets to mount shock absorber remote
reservoirs, etc.). However, these holes may serve no other purpose.”
3. Stock: The clarification under “SHOCK BUSHINGS” on page 247 of the 2008 Solo Rules is to be incorporated into Section
13.5.B, such that a new second paragraph of that section will read: “For cars with a bayonet/shaft-type upper shock
mount, this allowance permits the removal of the shock bushing from the upper mounting plate (e.g. via drilling, cutting,
burning out the bushing) and replacing it with another bushing. This also includes shock bushings located in control arms,
etc. This does not allow other modifications to the plate itself or use of an alternate plate.” In conjunction with this, the
second paragraph of 13.5.C is deleted. Comment: This revised wording eliminates ambiguity in the rules as they currently
stand, when clarifications in Appendix F are taken into account. The intent is not to further expand stock class shock
allowances.
4. Stock, errors and omissions: The GS Volvo listing “Turbo models (all)” is corrected to read “Turbo models NOC”.
5. Stock, errors and omissions: The GS “Volvo NOC” listing should be removed, since it conflicts with the correct “NOC” listing
in H Stock.
6. Stock: The BMW M sedan is covered by the previously-published listing for the M coupe. (ref. 08-272)
7. Stock: The following new listings, effective immediately upon publication, have been recommended by the SAC and
approved by the SEB:
Audi S5 (‘08 ) AS
Audi A5 (‘08 ) DS
Pontiac G8 V6 GS
Pontiac G8 V8 & NOC FS
Nissan Versa HS
Scion xB (‘08 ) HS
8. Stock: The DS listing for the Chevrolet Cobalt SS should read “Cobalt SS (turbo, supercharged)” (ref. 08-271)
9. Stock: The list of cars considered unsafe due to stability and CG issues, currently shown in the third paragraph of Section
3.1, is to be moved to Appendix A in a separate list at the beginning of the Stock category.
10. Street Touring and Street Prepared: All three pieces of a Miata motor mount (Engine Mount Rubber, Stopper Casing and
Engine Bracket) are considered to be part of the “Engine Mount” in 14.10.J and 15.10.J.
11. Street Touring: The Kumho XS is not eligible for use at Divisionals, National Tours, and Nationals in 2008 per Section 13.3.
12. Street Prepared: The allowances of 15.10.W do not include “C-clip eliminators.” (ref. 08-270)
SCCA Fastrack News July 2008 Page 21
13. Prepared: Change 17.6.C to read as follows (changes in italics): “Addition, replacement, or modification of Anti-lock
Braking Systems is prohibited. The standard system may be removed in its entirety or disabled electrically in a manner not
readily accessible while driving, but not altered in any other way. Sensors, control & proportioning valves, computers, and
master cylinders are considered part of the ABS system and should be not altered nor relocated. Pedals, calipers, rotors,
and brake lines can be replaced or modified.” (ref. 08-237)
14. Prepared: Change 17.2.T to read: “All headlights, front parking lights, and front signal lights may be removed. Headlight
doors may be removed, replaced or modified. Any remaining openings shall be covered with a wire mesh screen or panel
of fiberglass, plexiglass, metal, or other nonflammable material. Ducts from headlights, headlight doors, front parking
lights, and front signal lights in the front of the car may be used for ducting air to the engine, front brakes, and/or oil cooler(
s). Any opening used for ducting may not be relocated. These ducts may pass through interior panels for this purpose.
The cross section area of a single duct shall not exceed the cross sectional area of the original (single) headlight.”
15. Prepared: Per the PAC, 17.8.B.4 is clarified to read as follows: “The manufacturer’s original basic type of rear suspension
(e.g. independent, live axle, MacPherson strut, A-arm, etc.) shall be retained, unless otherwise stated in Appendix A.
Rocker arms and push-pull rods may be used to augment the rear suspension members.” (ref. 08-052)